Fall is in the air and Jack Frost will certainly arrive soon. Each year after the first hard frost, I usually answer phone calls from forage producers who are very concerned about the dangers of feeding frosted forages.
A very few, but certainly not all, of our forages can be extremely toxic soon after a frost.
Which forages are toxic after frost?
Some forage species contain compounds called cyanogenic glucosides that are converted quickly to prussic acid in freeze-damaged plant tissue.
Prussic acid is also known as hydrogen cyanide — the substance used to kill people in many murder mysteries.
The warm-season annual grasses in the sorghum family and other closely related species are the ones capable of producing toxic levels of prussic acid after a frost.
Those species vary in their toxicity potential.
Sudangrass varieties are low to intermediate in cyanide poisoning potential, sudangrass hybrids are intermediate, sorghum-sudangrass hybrids and forage sorghums are intermediate to high, and grain sorghum is high to very high and is most likely to be toxic after a frost.
Other species that have potential to contain toxic levels of prussic acid after frost include Johnsongrass, chokecherry, black cherry, indiangrass, elderberry, and some varieties of birdsfoot trefoil.
Piper sudangrass has low prussic acid poisoning potential. Pearl millet and foxtail millet have very low levels of cyanogenic glucosides and rarely cause toxicity.
What about frosted alfalfa, clover and grasses?
Other common forages such as alfalfa, clovers, and cool-season perennial grasses do not produce toxic compounds after a frost.
There is one concern, however, when grazing alfalfa or clovers after a frost — and that is bloat.
One or two days after a hard frost, the risk of bloat is higher for animals grazing legumes. T
he bloat risk is highest with grazing pure legume stands, and least when grazing stands having mostly grass and only low amounts of legumes present.
The safest management is to wait a few days after a killing frost before grazing pure legume stands — wait until the forage begins to dry from the frost damage.
Animal symptoms from prussic acid
Animals can die within minutes if they consume forages such as the sorghum species that contain high concentrations of prussic acid in the plant tissue.
Once the forage is consumed, the prussic acid is released and interferes with oxygen transfer in the blood stream of the animal, causing it to die of asphyxiation.
Before death, symptoms include excess salivation, difficult breathing, staggering, convulsions and collapse.
Ruminants are more susceptible to prussic acid poisoning than horses or swine because cud chewing and rumen bacteria help release the cyanide from plant tissue.
Factors that increase prussic acid toxicity
Plants growing under high nitrogen levels or in soils deficient in phosphorus or potassium will be more likely to have high cyanide poisoning potential.
After frost damage, cyanide levels will likely be higher in fresh forage as compared with silage or hay. This is because cyanide is a gas and dissipates as the forage is wilted and dried for making silage or dry hay.
Young, rapidly growing plants of species containing cyanogenic glucosides will have the highest levels of prussic acid.
After a frost, cyanide is more concentrated in young leaves than in old leaves or stems.
New growth of sorghum species following frost is dangerously high in cyanide.
When sorghum species regrow after a drought, the new growth is also dangerously high in cyanide.
Pure stands of indiangrass (not common in Ohio and nearby regions) can have lethal levels of cyanide if they are grazed when the plants are less than eight inches tall.
Grazing precautions
The following guidelines will help you avoid danger to your livestock this fall when feeding species with prussic acid poisoning potential.
— Do not graze on nights when frost is likely. High levels of the toxic compounds are produced within hours after a frost.
— Do not graze after a killing frost until plants are dry, which usually takes five to seven days.
— After a non-killing frost, do not allow animals to graze for two weeks because the plants usually contain high concentrations of toxic compounds.
— New growth may appear at the base of the plant after a non-killing frost. If this occurs, wait for a hard, killing freeze, then wait another 10 to 14 days before grazing the new growth.
— Don’t allow hungry or stressed animals to graze young growth of species with prussic acid potential.
— Graze or greenchop sudangrass only after it is 18 inches tall.
Sorghum-sudangrass should be 30 inches tall before grazing. Never graze immature growth.
— Do not graze wilted plants or plants with young tillers.
— Green-chopping the frost-damaged plants will lower the risk compared with grazing directly, because animals be less likely to selectively graze damaged tissue.
However, the forage can still be toxic, so feed greenchop with great caution after a frost.
— Feed greenchopped forage within a few hours, and don’t leave greenchopped forage in wagons or feedbunks overnight.
Hay and silage are safer
Prussic acid content in the plant decreases dramatically during the hay drying process and the forage should be safe once baled as dry hay.
The forage can be mowed anytime after a frost if you are making hay.
It is very rare for dry hay to contain toxic levels of prussic acid.
However, if the hay was not properly cured and dried before baling, it should be tested for prussic acid content before feeding to livestock.
Forage with prussic acid potential that has undergone silage fermentation is generally safe to feed. To be extra cautious, wait five to seven days after a frost before chopping for silage.
If the plants appear to be drying down quickly after a killing frost, it is safe to ensile within a shorter time period after the frost.
Delay feeding silage for 8 weeks after ensiling. If the forage likely contained high levels of cyanide at the time of chopping, hazardous levels of cyanide might remain and the silage should be analyzed before feeding to livestock
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